on whether things or meanings have essences.

“It is intensions, and not extensions such as individuals, that are the bearers of essential properties.” (Materna et al. 2010, p. 64)

“Things had essences, for Aristotle, but only linguistic forms have meanings. Meaning is what essence becomes when it is divorced from the object of reference and wedded to a word.” (Quine 1980, p. 22)

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Duží, M., Jespersen, B., & Materna, P. (2010). Procedural semantics for hyperintensional logic: foundations and applications of transparent intensional logic (Vol. 17). Springer Science & Business Media.

Quine, W. V. O. (1980). “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” in From a logical point of view: 9 logico-philosophical essays (Vol. 9). Harvard University Press.