knoweldge is not closed under entailment.
Suppose I know that P. Suppose also that P (logically)
implies Q.1
Does it follow that I know Q? Obviously not. (Or at least not by my dim and
fallible lights, at any rate). Therefore knowledge is not closed under
entailment.
However, suppose that I know P. And suppose that P implies
Q. It does seem to follow that I do not know
~Q. For I know P only if P is true, and if P implies Q, then ~Q is false,
and since no one knows (nor could know) what is false, it follows that I know P
only if I don’t know ~Q.
The same isn’t true for belief, however. Suppose that I
believe P. Suppose that P implies is Q. It seems that I could still believe that
~Q even though P and ~Q are not (nor could be) both true.
1 Barring the possibility of extreme logical
pluralism—viz. the thesis that there is no valid inference rule
which all possible logics have in common.